Spectre Brands

DeadClassic and arthouse film streaming · Atlanta, Georgia

FilmStruck

Announced Apr 26, 2016. Launched Nov 1, 2016. Closure announced Oct 26, 2018. Last day Nov 29, 2018.

It had Casablanca, Seven Samurai and the whole Criterion library on one bill. Its owners never said how many people paid for it, and closed it 34 days after saying they would.

Why dead: The service streamed its last films on November 29, 2018, and filmstruck.com now forwards to tcm.com. Turner Classic Movies, Inc. still holds one live U.S. trademark registration for the name, but we found nothing operating under it.193839

The filmstruck.com holding page of April 2016, with the FilmStruck wordmark over a black-and-white film still and the line For Film Lovers. By Film Lovers.
“Coming Soon” page, April 2016Screenshot of an Internet Archive capture of filmstruck.com. Shown for commentary.
The filmstruck.com home page in April 2017, promoting itself as the exclusive home for Criterion streaming with a 14-day free trial
The home page, April 2017Screenshot of an Internet Archive capture of filmstruck.com. Shown for commentary.
A black page with a white-bordered box reading We regret to inform you that FilmStruck is now closed
The closing notice, December 2018Screenshot of an Internet Archive capture of filmstruck.com. Shown for commentary.

FilmStruck was a subscription streaming service for classic, foreign and independent films, run by Turner Classic Movies with the Criterion Collection. It opened in the United States on November 1, 2016, added the Warner Bros. classics in February 2018 and reached Britain, France and Spain that year. In June 2018 AT&T completed its purchase of Turner’s parent, Time Warner. In October AT&T told investors it would pay for a large new streaming service partly by “consolidating resources from sub-scale D2C efforts,” and sixteen days later Turner and Warner Bros. Digital Networks announced that FilmStruck would close. Directors wrote letters, more than 50,000 people signed a petition within three weeks, and the service still went dark on schedule. This page is built from two AT&T filings with the SEC, company announcements, the trade and daily press of the time and archived copies of filmstruck.com. FilmStruck’s subscriber count, revenue and costs were never published, and we say so wherever that matters.

The service in four numbers

1,800
films a month after the Warner Bros. classics were added in February 201812
$6.99
a month for the base service, or $10.99 with the Criterion Channel4
100,000
subscribers, a Los Angeles Times estimate; the owners never gave a figure1923
34
days between the closure announcement and the last day of service (derived)19

Key findings

  1. It was built as an experiment in a niche. Turner’s general manager for the service said in 2016 that “the economics work for streaming to niche audiences.” Two years later the owners’ closing statement called FilmStruck “largely a niche service.”519
  2. The numbers were never published. Turner and Warner Bros. declined to give subscriber counts in February 2018 and again at the closure. The only figure is a Los Angeles Times estimate of 100,000, and a columnist at the same paper reported that Turner executives said that was not enough to be profitable.12192223
  3. A new owner wanted scale. AT&T completed its purchase of Time Warner on June 14, 2018. On October 10 it told the SEC that its new streaming service would be funded in part by “consolidating resources from sub-scale D2C efforts.” FilmStruck’s closure was announced on October 26.151719
  4. The decision may predate the merger. Variety reported that two sources said the plan to close FilmStruck was made before AT&T’s deal closed. Either way, Warner Bros. had already folded its own Warner Archive service into FilmStruck that February, and closed DramaFever ten days before.121819
  5. The protest saved the library, not the service. Twenty-one filmmakers wrote to Warner Bros., a second letter followed, and a petition passed 55,000 signatures. FilmStruck closed on the announced date. Criterion relaunched its channel as an independent service on April 8, 2019.263036

The story

Two years, one month and a great many letters

FilmStruck is unusual among the brands on this site: almost nobody who used it has a bad word for the product. The argument was over whether a company the size of AT&T had any use for something that small.

Chapter 1 of 6

1,000+

films from the Janus library promised to the Criterion Channel

The FilmStruck holding page of April 2016 with an email sign-up box over a black-and-white film still
filmstruck.com as the Internet Archive saved it on April 28, 2016, two days after the announcement: “Coming Soon...” and “For Film Lovers. By Film Lovers.”39

Apr 2016 · The announcement

The films the big services were dropping

On April 26, 2016 Turner, then a division of Time Warner, announced what it called its “first direct-to-consumer product in the U.S.”: a subscription service named FilmStruck, to be “developed and managed by Turner Classic Movies (TCM) in collaboration with the Criterion Collection” and launched that fall.12 It would carry no advertising. The films would come from independent libraries such as Janus Films, Flicker Alley, Icarus, Kino, Milestone and Zeitgeist, and from major studios including Warner Bros.1

The other half of the announcement was Criterion. The company had streamed its library on Hulu for five years. From November 11 FilmStruck would be its exclusive streaming home, and a premium tier called the Criterion Channel, programmed by Criterion’s own staff, would offer what its president Peter Becker described as “continual access to more than 1,000 films from the Janus Films library.”13

There was a gap to fill. TechCrunch, citing a report from the site AllFlicks, wrote that the number of films in Netflix’s catalog had fallen by 33 percent in two years.8 Turner had commissioned a survey of 2,000 film fans and drew from it an estimate of 15 million Americans aged 18 to 49 who would be interested in such a service.4 Jennifer Dorian, the general manager of TCM and FilmStruck, said the cable channel itself was “doing well and thriving” and that the new service was a way “to experiment and maybe take some risks.”5

The economics work for streaming to niche audiences, so we were thinking that art house, independent cinema is a niche that’s underserved and we could be the home for it.

Jennifer Dorian, general manager of TCM and FilmStruck, Multichannel News, Oct 17, 20165

Chapter 2 of 6

$6.99

a month for the base service; $10.99 with the Criterion Channel

Commercial · 2016TCM: “Introducing FilmStruck: Free Trial” A 31-second spot on Turner Classic Movies’ channel, uploaded on October 13, 2016, six days before the original launch date. The service offered a 14-day free trial when it opened on November 1.417 Watch on YouTube

Oct – Nov 2016 · Launch

Two tiers, and a two-week delay

On October 6 Turner set the launch for October 19 and gave the prices: $6.99 a month for FilmStruck, $10.99 a month for FilmStruck with the Criterion Channel, and $99 a year for both.4 The annual plan cost about the same as nine months paid monthly (derived).4 The day before the launch date, Turner postponed it to November to, in its words, “complete a seamless registration process for subscribers.”63

The service opened on November 1, 2016 with a 14-day free trial.78 It ran on the web, on phones, on Amazon Fire TV and on the fourth-generation Apple TV, with Chromecast and Roku promised.8 The Verge reported a complete collection of more than 1,100 films; TechCrunch put the Criterion Channel alone at 1,200 titles.78

The price drew comment from the first day. TechCrunch noted that the entry tier was “only a dollar less than Netflix’s cheapest “Basic” plan,” on top of whatever a film fan already paid for other services. The Verge compared it with MUBI, which offered a rotating set of 30 films for $4.99 a month.78

The films were praised. The website was not. In July 2017 a Verge writer at the end of his free trial listed a Flash video player, a login button that vanished in narrow windows and a catalog with no single list of every film, under the headline “The world’s greatest movies are trapped on a terrible website.”9

At the same time, the website is genuinely terrible. It’s clumsy, frustrating, unintuitive — everything the movies aren’t.

Russell Brandom, The Verge, Jul 7, 20179

Chapter 3 of 6

1,800

films a month after the Warner Bros. deal, up from about 1,200 at launch

Original illustration of a shelf of films with a gap in it. The spines are blank on purpose; this is not Criterion’s or anyone’s packaging.

Jan – Jun 2018 · Growth

Casablanca arrives, and so does Europe

In 2018 Time Warner put more of itself behind the service. On January 19 Turner International and Warner Bros. Digital Networks said they would take FilmStruck abroad, starting in Britain as FilmStruck Curzon, with more markets to follow “over the next two years.”10 The British version opened in February at £5.99 a month with just over 160 titles, 34 of them from Criterion.11 France and Spain were announced in May and launched in June.1419

On February 26 the American service got the films its users had asked for most. Warner Bros. agreed to supply more than 600 classic Hollywood films each month, among them Casablanca, Citizen Kane and Singin’ in the Rain, and closed its own Warner Archive streaming service, which had launched in 2013 at $9.99 a month. Its customers were moved to FilmStruck. The lineup grew to more than 1,800 films a month from about 1,200 at launch, and the price stayed where it was.1213 A monthly feature called TCM Select added introductions by the TCM host Ben Mankiewicz.12

Neither company would say how many subscribers either service had. Craig Hunegs of Warner Bros. said only that FilmStruck had “many times more.”12 As late as April 26, 2018 Coleman Breland, the Turner executive in charge, was telling a Hollywood gala that FilmStruck was “helping a new generation, a younger generation, fall in love with films.”22

We never really thought about raising the price. We never went down the path of, ‘How do we make more money?’

Coleman Breland, president of Turner Classic Movies and FilmStruck, Variety, Feb 26, 201812

Chapter 4 of 6

$81.0B

implied value of AT&T’s purchase of Time Warner at closing, June 14, 2018

Original illustration: a set with its plug pulled. The notice on the screen is a sketch, not a reproduction of the real closing page, which is shown further down.

Jun – Oct 2018 · The new owner

Sub-scale

AT&T and Time Warner had signed their merger agreement on October 22, 2016, ten days before FilmStruck opened (derived).15 The deal closed at 5:57 p.m. Eastern time on June 14, 2018, after a federal judge rejected the government’s attempt to block it. By AT&T’s own arithmetic the stock and cash paid to Time Warner shareholders were worth about $81.0 billion.1522 The press release that day twice named FilmStruck among the assets AT&T was getting, once as “more targeted digital content” and once among its direct-to-consumer properties.16

The new owner’s priorities were different. A Los Angeles Times columnist quoted John Stankey, the AT&T executive put in charge of the renamed WarnerMedia, telling staff in July that the company needed viewers for “hours a day,” not hours a week or a month.22 On October 10 AT&T announced a new streaming service for the fourth quarter of 2019 and told the SEC how it would be paid for: “incremental efficiencies within the WarnerMedia operations, consolidating resources from sub-scale D2C efforts, fallow library content, and technology reuse.”17

The closures came quickly. Warner Bros. shut DramaFever, its Korean-drama service, on October 16. Turner said it would close the comedy studio Super Deluxe a few days later.1819 On Friday, October 26, Turner and Warner Bros. Digital Networks announced that FilmStruck would stop on November 29 and had already stopped taking sign-ups.19

Variety reported that two sources said the decision had been made before AT&T’s deal closed, and that the companies again declined to say how many subscribers there were.19 The Los Angeles Times estimated 100,000. One of its columnists wrote that Turner executives said that was not enough to make the service profitable.2223

While FilmStruck has a very loyal fanbase, it remains largely a niche service.

Turner and Warner Bros. Digital Networks, statement to Variety, Oct 26, 201819

Chapter 5 of 6

21

filmmakers and actors signed the first letter to Warner Bros.

Original illustration of a much-signed letter. The scrawls are not anyone’s real signature.

Oct 26 – Nov 29, 2018 · The protest

Round up your buddies

Criterion answered the same morning: “Like many of you, we are disappointed by this decision.”20 Kevin Bahr started a Change.org petition, “Keep FilmStruck Alive.” It had 11,000 signatures by November 1 and more than 40,000 by November 9, when Barbra Streisand and Guillermo del Toro were urging people to sign.212425

Behind the scenes, Steven Spielberg and Martin Scorsese had approached WarnerMedia’s chief, John Stankey.28 The director Edgar Wright emailed Spielberg to ask what he could do. “[Spielberg] said, ‘Well, if you want to, round up your buddies,’” Wright told The Hollywood Reporter.30 The result was a letter to Toby Emmerich, chairman of Warner Bros. Pictures Group, sent on the night of Monday, November 12 and signed by 21 people, among them Paul Thomas Anderson, Alfonso Cuarón, Leonardo DiCaprio, Barry Jenkins, Christopher Nolan and Barbra Streisand.2630 Emmerich had no responsibility for FilmStruck, which sat under Turner.30 Deadline published the letter on November 14, and a second, with more than 30 further names, the same day.262730

The next day Deadline reported that Stankey was working on “something of a compromise”: a new version of the idea inside the streaming service planned for late 2019.28 Then Criterion announced that the Criterion Channel would relaunch in spring 2019 as a service “wholly owned and controlled by the Criterion Collection,” and that its library would also be on WarnerMedia’s platform.2930

FilmStruck itself was not reprieved. Its last day was November 29. A subscriber writing in Film Comment recorded that the stream stopped at around 9 a.m. on November 30, seven minutes from the end of the film he was watching.33

For a phone company based in Dallas, why are you making Barry Jenkins and Martin Scorsese mad if you don’t have to? So don’t.

An unnamed Turner source, The Hollywood Reporter, Nov 16, 201830

Chapter 6 of 6

130

days between FilmStruck’s last day and the Criterion Channel’s first (derived)

Event · 2018Criterion: “New, Independent Criterion Channel to Launch Spring 2019” Criterion’s video announcement of its independent service, uploaded on November 20, 2018, nine days before FilmStruck’s last day.4129 Watch on YouTube

2019 – 2026 · After

The library outlived the name

Criterion told its readers it would be “starting from scratch, with no subscribers,” and asked former FilmStruck customers to sign up as charter subscribers at $9.99 a month or $89.99 a year.2935 The Criterion Channel opened in the United States and Canada on Monday, April 8, 2019 with more than 1,000 films, at $10.99 a month or $99.99 a year for everyone else. That was the monthly price FilmStruck had charged for the same tier.43536

The Warner Bros. classics waited longer. WarnerMedia’s service launched on May 27, 2020 as HBO Max, at $14.99 a month. The launch release listed “a selection of classic films curated in partnership with TCM” and films from the Criterion Collection among its contents.37

The name has not been used again as far as we can find. Of the two U.S. trademark registrations for FILMSTRUCK, the one covering streaming services was cancelled on September 29, 2023 because no declaration of continued use was filed. The other, for entertainment services, is still registered to Turner Classic Movies, Inc.38 The address filmstruck.com forwards to tcm.com.39

The petition is still online. When we read it on October 8, 2026 it stood at 106,696 signatures, slightly more than the number of subscribers the service was ever estimated to have had.2325

We will be starting from scratch, with no subscribers, so we will need all the help we can get.

The Criterion Collection, announcing the independent Criterion Channel, Nov 201829

Timeline

Ten years, 31 moments

From the announcement to a forwarded web address. Filter by thread.

All 31 events as a list
  1. Apr 262016
    Corporate

    Turner announces FilmStruck

    A subscription service from Turner Classic Movies with the Criterion Collection, due in the fall. Criterion will leave Hulu for it.12

  2. Oct 62016
    Product

    Prices and a date

    Launch is set for October 19: $6.99 a month, $10.99 with the Criterion Channel, $99 a year. Criterion posts a three-minute introduction video the same day.441

  3. Oct 182016
    Product

    The launch is postponed

    The day before the planned opening, Turner delays it to November to finish the sign-up process.63

  4. Oct 222016
    AT&T

    AT&T agrees to buy Time Warner

    The date of the merger agreement, as given in AT&T’s later filing.15

  5. Nov 12016
    Product

    FilmStruck opens

    United States only, with a 14-day free trial, on the web, phones, Amazon Fire TV and Apple TV.78

  6. Nov 112016
    Product

    Criterion leaves Hulu

    FilmStruck becomes the exclusive streaming home of the Criterion Collection.38

  7. Jul 72017
    Product

    “A terrible website”

    The Verge praises the films and lists the faults of the site, including a Flash video player.9

  8. Jan 192018
    Corporate

    International plans

    Turner International and Warner Bros. Digital Networks say FilmStruck will launch abroad, starting in Britain with the cinema chain Curzon.10

  9. Feb2018
    Product

    FilmStruck Curzon opens in Britain

    £5.99 a month, just over 160 titles, 34 of them from Criterion.11

  10. Feb 262018
    Corporate

    Warner Bros. classics arrive

    More than 600 Warner Bros. films a month are added and Warner Archive’s streaming service is shut. The lineup grows to more than 1,800.1213

  11. Apr 262018
    Corporate

    “If you love film, you’ll love FilmStruck”

    Coleman Breland promotes the service at a Hollywood gala, six months to the day before its closure is announced.22

  12. May 242018
    Corporate

    France and Spain announced

    With local partners including StudioCanal and MK2. Both launch in June.1419

  13. Jun 142018
    AT&T

    AT&T completes the purchase

    The merger closes at 5:57 p.m. Eastern. AT&T’s press release names FilmStruck among its new direct-to-consumer properties.1516

  14. Jul2018
    AT&T

    “Hours a day”

    John Stankey, the new head of WarnerMedia, tells staff the company needs far more viewing time, as later quoted by the Los Angeles Times.22

  15. Oct 102018
    AT&T

    A new service, and how to pay for it

    AT&T announces a streaming service for late 2019, to be funded partly by “consolidating resources from sub-scale D2C efforts.”17

  16. Oct 162018
    AT&T

    DramaFever closes

    Warner Bros. Digital Networks shuts its Korean-drama service the same day it announces the closure.18

  17. Oct 262018
    Closure & protest

    FilmStruck’s closure is announced

    Sign-ups stop at once; the last day will be November 29. Criterion says it is disappointed. A petition is started the same day.192025

  18. Nov 12018
    Closure & protest

    11,000 signatures

    The petition has more than doubled in two days, Paste reports.21

  19. Nov 32018
    Closure & protest

    An estimate of 100,000

    The Los Angeles Times refers to the service’s “estimated 100,000 subscribers.” No official figure is ever given.23

  20. Nov 92018
    Closure & protest

    40,000 signatures

    Barbra Streisand and Guillermo del Toro urge their followers to sign.24

  21. Nov 122018
    Closure & protest

    The letter to Toby Emmerich

    Twenty-one filmmakers and actors send a letter to the chairman of Warner Bros. Pictures Group.2630

  22. Nov 142018
    Closure & protest

    Deadline publishes two letters

    The first is followed by a second with more than 30 further signers, including Sofia Coppola, Mira Nair and John Ridley.262730

  23. Nov 152018
    Closure & protest

    “Something of a compromise”

    Deadline reports that Stankey plans a new version of the idea inside the service due in late 2019.28

  24. Nov 162018
    Afterlife

    The Criterion Channel will return

    Criterion says it will relaunch its channel in spring 2019 as an independent service. Its post is dated November 15; the press reported it on Friday the 16th.2930

  25. Nov 292018
    Closure & protest

    Last day of service

    The U.S. and international services both cease.1939

  26. Nov 302018
    Closure & protest

    The streams stop

    At around 9 a.m., by one subscriber’s account.33

  27. Jan 302019
    Afterlife

    A launch date for Criterion

    April 8, 2019, in the United States and Canada, with lower prices for charter subscribers.3435

  28. Apr 82019
    Afterlife

    The Criterion Channel opens

    More than 1,000 films at $10.99 a month.3536

  29. May 272020
    Afterlife

    HBO Max launches

    WarnerMedia’s service arrives at $14.99 a month with TCM-curated classics and Criterion films.37

  30. Sep 292023
    Afterlife

    A trademark lapses

    The FILMSTRUCK registration covering streaming services is cancelled. A second registration, for entertainment services, is kept.38

  31. Oct 82026
    Afterlife

    Where things stand

    filmstruck.com forwards to tcm.com. The petition shows 106,696 signatures.2539

Part 2 of 6

Business

The numbers · Rivals

The money

A business without published numbers

FilmStruck was a small line inside Turner, which was a division of Time Warner and then of AT&T. None of them reported its subscribers, revenue or costs. What follows is what can be counted: films, prices, signatures, and the size of the company that closed it.

The catalog: built for two years, gone in a day

Films available on the U.S. service, as the press reported them. The counts come from different outlets and are not measured the same way.

05001,0001,5002,000Apr 2016Oct 2016Nov 2016Early 2018Feb 2018Oct 2018Nov 30, 20181234501,0002,000Apr 2016Nov 2016Feb 2018Nov 30, 201812345
  1. Oct 2016 · the plan “More than 900” films promised for the base service two weeks before launch.5
  2. Nov 2016 · launch “More than 1,100” in the complete collection on opening day, by The Verge’s report.7
  3. Feb 2018 · Warner Bros. More than 600 studio classics a month take the lineup past 1,800.12
  4. Oct 2018 · the announcement “Some 1,800” films when the closure is announced.19
  5. Nov 30, 2018 · dark The streams stop the morning after the last day of service.33
Data table
The catalog: built for two years, gone in a day
Date of the report (not evenly spaced)Films
Apr 20160
Oct 2016900
Nov 20161,100
Early 20181,200
Feb 20181,800
Oct 20181,800
Nov 30, 20180
April 2016 is the announcement, before any film was available.1 900: Multichannel News.5 1,100: The Verge.7 “Around 1,200 when it first launched” and “more than 1,800”: Variety, February 2018; we place the 1,200 just before the Warner Bros. deal.12 “Some 1,800”: Variety, October 2018.19 Zero: the service ended.1933

What it cost, beside what came before and after

U.S. monthly prices in dollars, as reported at each service’s launch or closure.

Data table
What it cost, beside what came before and after
PeriodMonthly price ($)
MUBI (2016)$4.99
FilmStruck$6.99
FilmStruck annual, per month$8.25
Warner Archive$9.99
FilmStruck + Criterion$10.99
Criterion Channel, charter (2019)$9.99
Criterion Channel (2019)$10.99
HBO Max (2020)$14.99
MUBI, as The Verge described it in November 2016.7 FilmStruck tiers.4 The annual plan was $99; $8.25 a month is derived ($99 ÷ 12).4 Warner Archive’s price when it closed in February 2018.12 Criterion Channel prices.35 HBO Max at launch.37 The British FilmStruck Curzon cost £5.99 a month and is left off because it was priced in pounds.11

A year for the price of nine months

$99a year of FilmStruck with the Criterion Channel4
=
9 ×one month on the monthly plan ($10.99; each icon is one month at $10.99)

Derived $99 ÷ $10.99 ≈ 9.0. Paying monthly for a year would have cost $131.88, so the annual plan saved $32.88. Both prices are from Variety.4

Data table
A year for the price of nine months
Value
a year of FilmStruck with the Criterion Channel$99
one month on the monthly plan$10.99
Ratio9 (derived)

What the Warner Bros. deal added

Share of the roughly 1,800 films a month on the U.S. service after February 26, 2018 (derived).

  1. 33%Warner Bros. classicsmore than 600 films a month
  2. 67%Everything elseabout 1,200: Criterion, Janus and other licensed libraries
Data table
What the Warner Bros. deal added
Source of the filmsShare of the lineup
Warner Bros. classics33%
Everything else67%
Variety, February 26, 2018: “more than 600 classic Hollywood films each month” and a lineup of “more than 1,800 movies per month, up from around 1,200.”12 The shares are derived, 600 ÷ 1,800 and 1,200 ÷ 1,800, and are approximate because both figures are lower bounds.

How small was niche?

People, on four different measures. FilmStruck’s bar is an outside estimate; the owners never published a figure.

Netflix subscribers, late 2018
about 137 million
As The Ringer put it: “in the neighborhood of 137 million”31
Americans aged 18–49 Turner thought would be interested
15 million
Turner’s own estimate from a 2016 survey of 2,000 film fans4
Petition signatures, read Oct 8, 2026
106,696
“Keep FilmStruck Alive,” Change.org25
FilmStruck subscribers (estimate)
100,000 (estimate)
Los Angeles Times, November 201823
Data table
How small was niche?
MeasurePeopleNote
Netflix subscribers, late 2018about 137 millionAs The Ringer put it: “in the neighborhood of 137 million”
Americans aged 18–49 Turner thought would be interested15 millionTurner’s own estimate from a 2016 survey of 2,000 film fans
Petition signatures, read Oct 8, 2026106,696“Keep FilmStruck Alive,” Change.org
FilmStruck subscribers (estimate)100,000 (estimate)Los Angeles Times, November 2018
The Ringer31, Variety4, Change.org25 and the Los Angeles Times.23 On these figures the estimated subscriber base was under 1% of the audience Turner had projected (derived: 100,000 ÷ 15,000,000 ≈ 0.7%), and Netflix was about 1,370 times larger (derived).

The petition, signature by signature

“Keep FilmStruck Alive” on Change.org, at the counts the press reported and the count on the page today.

Data table
The petition, signature by signature
PeriodSignatures
Oct 30, 20185,000
Nov 111,000
Nov 940,000
Nov 1550,000
Nov 1655,000
Oct 8, 2026106,696
5,000 “two days ago” and “over 11,000”: Paste, November 1.21 “Over 40,000”: Variety, November 9.24 “Over 50,000”: /Film, November 15.27 “More than 55,000”: The Hollywood Reporter, November 16.30 106,696: the petition page as we read it on October 8, 2026.25 The first five are lower bounds as reported, not exact counts. The petition was created on October 26, 2018, according to the date in the page’s data.25

What AT&T paid Time Warner’s shareholders

Implied value of the consideration at the closing price on June 14, 2018, $ billions.

$81.0B Implied value
$38.5B 48%AT&T common stock$42.5B 52%Cash$38.5B 48%AT&T common stock$42.5B 52%Cash
  • AT&T common stock. about 1.185 billion shares at $32.5215
  • Cash. $53.75 a share15
Data table
What AT&T paid Time Warner’s shareholders
Where it wentAmountShareNote
AT&T common stock$38.5B48%about 1.185 billion shares at $32.52
Cash$42.5B52%$53.75 a share
AT&T Inc., Form 8-K filed June 15, 2018.15 This is the consideration paid to shareholders only. The Los Angeles Times described the deal as an “$85.4-billion merger”; the two figures measure different things and we have not reconciled them.22

The company FilmStruck ended up inside

$31B
and more in 2017 revenue for HBO, Turner and Warner Bros. together, by AT&T’s account16
170M
and more direct-to-consumer relationships AT&T claimed on the day the deal closed16
$13.2M
a year at most from 100,000 subscribers at $10.99 a month: an illustration built on an estimate, not a reported figure (derived)423
0.04%
what that would be of the media business’s 2017 revenue (derived)16
AT&T press release on the completion of the merger.16 The last two counters are derived: 100,000 × $10.99 × 12 = $13.19M, and $13.19M ÷ $31,000M ≈ 0.04%. They assume the Los Angeles Times estimate was right23 and that every subscriber paid the top monthly price4, so they are a ceiling on U.S. subscription revenue under that estimate, not a measurement.
What the owners said about the money
“Niche”the word Turner’s general manager used for the opportunity in 2016, and the owners used for the problem in 2018519
Declinedto disclose subscribers in February 2018 and October 20181219
“Sub-scale”AT&T’s term, sixteen days before the closure, for the direct-to-consumer efforts whose resources it would consolidate17
Not enoughto be profitable, Turner executives said of 100,000 subscribers, according to a Los Angeles Times columnist22
Multichannel News5, Variety1219, AT&T’s Form 8-K of October 10, 201817 and the Los Angeles Times.22

The field

Small film services, 2016 to 2019

FilmStruck was one of several services built for people who watch old and foreign films. This is what our sources say happened to the ones they mention. Status is as of the dates given, except where we checked a website ourselves.

Who was closed, who was folded in, who is left

Services named in the coverage of FilmStruck, with the price or figure our sources give.

FilmStruck

Closed Nov 29, 2018
20162018
$6.99–$10.99 a month About 1,800 films. Subscribers estimated at 100,000 by the Los Angeles Times; never disclosed.1923

Warner Archive (streaming)

Folded into FilmStruck, 2018
$9.99 a month Warner Bros.’s own classic-film service, launched in 2013. Shut in February 2018 and its customers moved to FilmStruck.12

DramaFever

Closed Oct 16, 2018
Founded 2009 Korean-drama service bought by Warner Bros. in 2016 and closed ten days before FilmStruck’s announcement.18

Fandor

Staff laid off Dec 2018
$24.99 offer Offered FilmStruck subscribers a half-price year in November 2018. Film Comment reported that it laid off its staff and sold its assets on December 7. We did not check what became of the name afterward.2233

MUBI

Site live, Oct 2026
$4.99 a month in 2016 A rotating collection of 30 films, and The Verge’s first comparison for FilmStruck. Its website loaded when we checked on October 8, 2026; we did not check its current price.739

The Criterion Channel

Independent since 2019
$10.99 a month in 2019 FilmStruck’s premium tier, relaunched by Criterion alone on April 8, 2019 with more than 1,000 films.353639
Data table
Who was closed, who was folded in, who is left
CompanyOutcomePrice or sizeNotesSeries
FilmStruckClosed Nov 29, 2018$6.99–$10.99 a monthAbout 1,800 films. Subscribers estimated at 100,000 by the Los Angeles Times; never disclosed.0, 900, 1100, 1200, 1800, 1800, 0
Warner Archive (streaming)Folded into FilmStruck, 2018$9.99 a monthWarner Bros.’s own classic-film service, launched in 2013. Shut in February 2018 and its customers moved to FilmStruck.
DramaFeverClosed Oct 16, 2018Founded 2009Korean-drama service bought by Warner Bros. in 2016 and closed ten days before FilmStruck’s announcement.
FandorStaff laid off Dec 2018$24.99 offerOffered FilmStruck subscribers a half-price year in November 2018. Film Comment reported that it laid off its staff and sold its assets on December 7. We did not check what became of the name afterward.
MUBISite live, Oct 2026$4.99 a month in 2016A rotating collection of 30 films, and The Verge’s first comparison for FilmStruck. Its website loaded when we checked on October 8, 2026; we did not check its current price.
The Criterion ChannelIndependent since 2019$10.99 a month in 2019FilmStruck’s premium tier, relaunched by Criterion alone on April 8, 2019 with more than 1,000 films.
Variety121819, the Los Angeles Times2223, Film Comment33, The Verge7, Criterion35 and Widescreen Review.36
Owned by Turner, then AT&T

FilmStruck

Opened
Nov 1, 2016
Top monthly price
$10.99
Films
about 1,800 (2018)
Owner’s other business
HBO, Turner, Warner Bros., and a phone network
Subscribers
never disclosed
Owned by Criterion

The Criterion Channel

Opened
Apr 8, 2019
Monthly price at launch
$10.99
Films at launch
more than 1,000
Owner’s other business
Blu-ray and DVD editions
Subscribers
not in our sources
FilmStruck: The Verge, Variety and AT&T.741916 Criterion Channel: Criterion and Widescreen Review.293536

The argument about size

The closure started an argument that our sources did not settle. Dan Rayburn, an analyst at Frost & Sullivan, told NPR that a service like FilmStruck “just doesn’t have a lot of subscribers” and was “too expensive to run” on its own.32 The Ringer accepted the owners’ description, writing that “FilmStruck was a niche service. It never tried to be anything but,” and asked whether anything could survive between a hundred thousand subscribers and Netflix’s hundred million.31

Criterion’s answer was to try, with one tier, one owner and no parent company to satisfy. Its channel was live when we checked in October 2026.39 That shows a service of this kind can last. It does not show that FilmStruck, with Turner’s costs and a second library to license, would have.

Part 3 of 6

Brand

Commercials & footage · Old website · Brand gallery

Commercials & footage

How it was sold, and how its successor was announced

Eight videos, all still on the YouTube channels of the companies involved or of the press. Years are the upload dates shown by YouTube; we have not confirmed where else the spots ran.

Commercial · 2016Criterion: “Introducing FilmStruck” A three-minute introduction on the Criterion Collection’s channel, uploaded on October 6, 2016, the day the prices and the first launch date were announced.414 Watch on YouTube
Commercial · 2016TCM: “Introducing FilmStruck: Free Trial” A 31-second spot on Turner Classic Movies’ channel, uploaded on October 13, 2016, six days before the original launch date. The service offered a 14-day free trial when it opened on November 1.417 Watch on YouTube
Interview · 2016Criterion: “Adventures in Moviegoing: Bill Hader’s First Date” A 52-second excerpt from the Criterion Channel’s guest-programmer series, uploaded on November 10, 2016. Hader later signed the first letter to Warner Bros.4126 Watch on YouTube
News segment · 2016TechCrunch: “FilmStruck Can Provide Your Art Movie Fix” A short news item on TechCrunch’s channel, uploaded on November 18, 2016. TechCrunch’s written report of the launch is one of our sources.418 Watch on YouTube
Commercial · 2018FilmStruck UK: “Welcome to FilmStruck!” A one-minute spot on the British service’s own channel, uploaded on February 7, 2018, the month FilmStruck Curzon opened.4111 Watch on YouTube
Commercial · 2018TCM: “TCM Select now on FilmStruck” Uploaded by Turner Classic Movies on February 26, 2018, the day the Warner Bros. classics deal was announced.4112 Watch on YouTube
Event · 2018Criterion: “New, Independent Criterion Channel to Launch Spring 2019” Criterion’s video announcement of its independent service, uploaded on November 20, 2018, nine days before FilmStruck’s last day.4129 Watch on YouTube
Commercial · 2019Criterion: “Criterion Channel Trailer” The trailer for the relaunched channel, uploaded on March 22, 2019, ahead of the April 8 opening.4135 Watch on YouTube

Videos are embedded from the services that host them and load only when you press play. YouTube embeds use youtube-nocookie.com. Each video belongs to its uploader or rights holder and is shown here for commentary; we do not host any of the files. We describe each video by its title, uploader, length and upload date as YouTube shows them. FilmStruck’s own U.S. channel still carries a 31-second “Introducing FilmStruck” that we have not embedded because it appears to duplicate the TCM spot.

The old website

filmstruck.com, from “Coming Soon” to “now closed”

Screenshots of pages saved by the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, stored as images. Click one to open the original capture. The archive’s index listed no successfully saved copy of the home page between September 2017 and December 2018 when we searched it.39

Screenshot of http://filmstruck.com/ as archived Apr 28, 2016

Captured Apr 28, 2016

Two days after the announcement

A holding page with an email box, a 60-second trailer and four promises: watch anywhere, the exclusive streaming home of the Criterion Collection, rare footage and special features, and no commercials.39

Open this capture on the Wayback Machine

Text preserved in the archived pages

“For Film Lovers. By Film Lovers.”
filmstruck.com · Apr 28, 201639
“Exclusive streaming home of The Criterion Collection.” “Shown commercial-free and as the director intended.”
filmstruck.com · Apr 28, 201639
“The largest library of indie films available anywhere.”
filmstruck.com · Apr 18, 201739
“We regret to inform you that FilmStruck is now closed. Our last day of service was November 29, 2018.”
filmstruck.com · Dec 7, 201839
“FilmStruck was truly a labor of love, and in a world with an abundance of entertainment options – THANK YOU for choosing us.”
filmstruck.com · Dec 7, 201839

Film stills inside the screenshots belong to their rights holders and appear only as part of the archived pages.

Part 4 of 6

People

People · Press

The people

Programmers, executives and letter-writers

Titles are as given in the press at the time. We have left out later careers where we have no source.

People (12)
Name and roleWhat they didAfterwards
Jennifer DorianGeneral manager, TCM and FilmStruck, 2016

Presented the service at launch and gave its commercial case: a niche that was underserved, aimed at 25-to-44-year-olds who already paid for other services.45

Coleman BrelandPresident, Turner Classic Movies and FilmStruck

Called the service Turner’s “strategic move into the direct-to-consumer business” in 2016 and oversaw it to the end. Said in February 2018 that Turner had never thought about raising the price.11219

Peter BeckerPresident, the Criterion Collection

Called FilmStruck “an arthouse film lovers’ dream streaming service” in the 2016 announcement and brought Criterion’s library over from Hulu.13

Criterion relaunched the Criterion Channel on its own in April 2019.3536
John MartinChairman and CEO of Turner, 2016

Announced FilmStruck as “a terrific example of our strategy to meet consumer demand for great content across all screens.”1

Craig HunegsPresident, Warner Bros. Digital Networks

Closed Warner Archive’s streaming service into FilmStruck in February 2018, calling it “a pretty easy decision.” His division also ran DramaFever.1218

Aksel van der WalExecutive vice president, Turner International Digital Ventures & Innovation

Led the international roll-out to Britain, France and Spain.1014

Kerensa SamanidisGeneral manager, FilmStruck international

A former British Film Institute executive appointed to run the service outside the United States.1419

Portrait of Ben MankiewiczBen MankiewiczTCM host

Recorded introductions for TCM Select, the monthly collection of Warner Bros. classics added in February 2018.12

John StankeyCEO of WarnerMedia under AT&T

The AT&T executive who announced the company’s large streaming service in October 2018. Spielberg and Scorsese took their appeal to him, and Deadline reported that he was working on a compromise.222832

Toby EmmerichChairman, Warner Bros. Pictures Group

The addressee of the filmmakers’ letter, though FilmStruck was not his to run. A source told The Hollywood Reporter he saw the letter and raised it internally.2630

Edgar WrightDirector

Organised the first letter after emailing Steven Spielberg, enlisting Guillermo del Toro and Rian Johnson to find more signers.30

Kevin BahrPetition author

Started “Keep FilmStruck Alive” on Change.org on the day of the announcement.2425

Portraits. Ben Mankiewicz: Photo: PrinceArchelaus, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. Cropped only by resizing.

The clippings

What they said at the time

Press (13)
While FilmStruck has a very loyal fanbase, it remains largely a niche service.
Turner and Warner Bros. Digital Networks, statement, Oct 26, 201819
The FilmStruck service was (IS) the best streaming service for fans of cinema of all kinds: classic studio movies, independent cinema, international treasures.
Paul Thomas Anderson, Christopher Nolan, Barbra Streisand and 18 others, letter to Toby Emmerich, published by Deadline, Nov 14, 201826
  1. John Martin, chairman and CEO of Turner, press release, Apr 20161

    FilmStruck is a terrific example of our strategy to meet consumer demand for great content across all screens.
  2. The Criterion Collection, The Current, Oct 20163

    We’ve had a great five years at Hulu, but the opportunity to build our own channel with the help of an incredible team like the one at TCM is a dream come true for our company.
  3. Jennifer Dorian, Multichannel News, Oct 17, 20165

    This is a new way for us to experiment and maybe take some risks that I wouldn’t want to take with a gem of a treasured brand such as TCM.
  4. The Guardian, on the British launch, Feb 18, 201811

    A new generation of film nerds will be raised on it.
  5. Craig Hunegs, on closing Warner Archive into FilmStruck, Variety, Feb 26, 201812

    But after sitting down and looking at it, rather than having two overlapping services going after the same audience, we decided to combine them.
  6. The Criterion Collection, The Current, Oct 26, 201820

    Like many of you, we are disappointed by this decision.
  7. Akiva Gottlieb, Los Angeles Times, Nov 3, 201823

    The closing of FilmStruck is a bracing reminder that corporations have no particular commitment to art, even when they own it.
  8. Kevin Bahr, “Keep FilmStruck Alive,” Change.org25

    FilmStruck is not just a niche market, it is a massive archive dedicated to keeping art of the past alive, much in the way a museum keeps artists from centuries ago alive.
  9. Barry Jenkins, The Hollywood Reporter, Nov 16, 201830

    I don’t know if it will do anything, but we have to at least try.
  10. Keith Phipps, The Ringer, Nov 28, 201831

    FilmStruck was a niche service. It never tried to be anything but.
  11. Michael Koresky, Film Comment, January–February 201933

    But it still stung when faced with the reality that, at the push of a button, a corporation could make our Ozu disappear.

Part 5 of 6

Verdict

Cause of death · What if · Afterlife

Cause of death

The autopsy

Tap a cause to see the evidence. The percentages are our editorial weighting. The evidence under each one is sourced.

Cause of death, by editorial weight

One square is one percentage point. The weights are our judgment, not a measurement.

  1. 40%A new owner that wanted scale
  2. 25%Too few subscribers to argue with
  3. 15%Consolidation that had already begun
  4. 10%A library it did not own
  5. 10%A crowded market and a rough product
Data table
Cause of death, by editorial weight
CauseWeight
A new owner that wanted scale40%
Too few subscribers to argue with25%
Consolidation that had already begun15%
A library it did not own10%
A crowded market and a rough product10%

AT&T completed its purchase of Time Warner on June 14, 2018. Its chief at WarnerMedia told staff the company needed viewers for “hours a day,” and on October 10 it told the SEC it would fund a large streaming service partly by “consolidating resources from sub-scale D2C efforts.” FilmStruck’s closure was announced sixteen days later, in a statement that called it “largely a niche service.”15171922

No figure was ever published. The Los Angeles Times estimated 100,000 subscribers, against Turner’s own 2016 estimate of 15 million interested Americans, and a columnist there reported Turner executives saying that was not enough to be profitable. Deadline called it “a small but dedicated pool of subscribers.”4222328

Before AT&T arrived, Time Warner was already merging its small streaming services: Warner Archive was closed into FilmStruck in February 2018. Variety reported that two sources said the decision to close FilmStruck itself was made before the AT&T deal completed. DramaFever and Super Deluxe went in the same month.121819

The heart of the premium tier belonged to Criterion and Janus Films, and the base service was licensed from some 30 distributors. Within three weeks of the closure Criterion announced it would take its channel elsewhere, “wholly owned and controlled by the Criterion Collection.” What FilmStruck owned outright was a name, an app and its programming.1529

The base tier cost a dollar less than Netflix’s cheapest plan and had to be bought on top of it. Variety listed Netflix, Hulu, Amazon, Fandor and Tribeca Shortlist as competition on the day the prices were set. The website used a Flash player and drew a full-length complaint from The Verge.489

Editorial judgment: the weights are an interpretive model by the Spectre Brands editors, not a measured quantity. FilmStruck’s owners never published its subscribers, revenue or costs, so the case that it could not pay its way rests on one newspaper estimate and unnamed executives. How much the closure owed to AT&T and how much to decisions already made inside Time Warner is disputed in our sources.

The fork in the road

What if…

Three decisions where the story could have gone differently. The “What if” panels are speculation, labeled as such.

What happened

FilmStruck closed on November 29, 2018. The WarnerMedia service that was to carry its films was planned for the fourth quarter of 2019 and launched as HBO Max on May 27, 2020. Deadline wrote in November 2018 that it “really doesn’t make sense to shutter the service so abruptly.”17192837

What if speculative

Eighteen more months of FilmStruck would have kept the subscribers, the programmers and the goodwill of the filmmakers who wrote in, and delivered all three to HBO Max on its first day. It would also have meant eighteen more months of whatever the service was losing, a figure nobody outside the company knows. AT&T had told investors that closing such services was part of how the new one would be paid for.

What happened

WarnerMedia let Criterion take its own channel independent. The FilmStruck name, the Warner Bros. classics and the TCM programming stayed behind. Criterion started again “with no subscribers” 130 days after the shutdown (derived).2936

What if speculative

A sale or licence of the whole service to Criterion would have kept the subscriber list and the Hollywood classics together with the art house films, which is what the service’s users had asked for most.12 It would also have left Warner Bros. licensing Casablanca to someone else’s service just as it was building its own. We have no evidence that such a deal was discussed.

What happened

For its first sixteen months FilmStruck had no deep Hollywood catalog, while Warner Bros. sold its classics separately on Warner Archive for $9.99 a month. Access to those films was the top request from FilmStruck’s users. The two services were combined only in February 2018.12

What if speculative

A single service with 1,800 films from November 2016 would have had sixteen more months to build an audience before the merger closed, and one fewer rival inside the same company. Whether that audience would have reached a size AT&T thought worth keeping cannot be known from our sources. The only estimate, 100,000, was made after the combination.

Where are they now

The afterlife

FilmStruck

  1. The name

    Retired

    Nothing we could find trades as FilmStruck. Of two U.S. registrations for the mark, both filed on April 1, 2016, the one covering streaming services was cancelled on September 29, 2023. The other, for entertainment services, is still registered to Turner Classic Movies, Inc., whose declaration of continued use was accepted on December 6, 2023. We do not know what use was claimed.38

  2. The website

    Forwarded

    filmstruck.com showed a closing notice in December 2018. When we requested it on October 8, 2026 it forwarded to tcm.com.39

  3. The Criterion Channel

    Independent

    Relaunched by Criterion alone on April 8, 2019, in the United States and Canada, at $10.99 a month or $99.99 a year, with lower prices for those who signed up before launch. Its website was live when we checked in October 2026; we did not confirm its current prices.34353639

  4. The Warner Bros. classics

    Absorbed

    Went to HBO Max, which launched on May 27, 2020 at $14.99 a month with “a selection of classic films curated in partnership with TCM” and films licensed from Criterion.37

  5. The international services

    Closed

    FilmStruck Curzon in Britain and the French and Spanish services opened between February and June 2018 and ceased on the same day as the American one.1119

  6. The subscribers

    Refunded

    The closing notice promised an email “with details about your account and the refund process as applicable.” Watchlists were not carried anywhere; one subscriber described his queue being wiped on the morning of November 30.1933

  7. The petition

    Still open

    “Keep FilmStruck Alive” was never closed. It showed 106,696 signatures on October 8, 2026, against a goal the page gave as 150,000.25

  8. The staff

    Unknown

    Turner declined to say how many people worked on FilmStruck or how many were affected by the closure.19

Who owned the name

  1. Apr 2016

    Turner Classic Movies, Inc. (Time Warner)

    Files two trademark applications for FILMSTRUCK on April 1 and announces the service on April 26.138

    Built in-house
  2. Feb 2018

    Turner, with Warner Bros. Digital Networks

    Warner Bros. becomes a partner in the service, adds its classics and closes Warner Archive’s streaming service into it.12

    No price disclosed
  3. Jun 14, 2018

    AT&T Inc. (WarnerMedia)

    Acquires Time Warner, and FilmStruck with it. Closes the service on November 29.1519

    About $81.0B for all of Time Warner
  4. 2023 – 2026

    Turner Classic Movies, Inc.

    Lets one registration lapse and keeps the other. The service has not returned.38

    Not for sale as far as we know
Data table
Who owned the name
WhenOwnerWhat happenedPrice
Apr 2016Turner Classic Movies, Inc. (Time Warner)Files two trademark applications for FILMSTRUCK on April 1 and announces the service on April 26.Built in-house
Feb 2018Turner, with Warner Bros. Digital NetworksWarner Bros. becomes a partner in the service, adds its classics and closes Warner Archive’s streaming service into it.No price disclosed
Jun 14, 2018AT&T Inc. (WarnerMedia)Acquires Time Warner, and FilmStruck with it. Closes the service on November 29.About $81.0B for all of Time Warner
2023 – 2026Turner Classic Movies, Inc.Lets one registration lapse and keeps the other. The service has not returned.Not for sale as far as we know
AT&T Inc., Form 8-K, June 15, 201815; Variety1219; USPTO status records.38 FilmStruck was closed by its owner and was never in bankruptcy. Our sources do not trace the corporate ownership of Turner Classic Movies, Inc. after 2020, so the last step names only the registrant shown by the USPTO.

The gap between the two services

130
days from FilmStruck’s last day to the Criterion Channel’s first (derived)1936
545
days from FilmStruck’s last day to the launch of HBO Max (derived)1937
$0
difference between FilmStruck’s top monthly price and the Criterion Channel’s at launch: both $10.99435
Variety194, Criterion35, Widescreen Review36 and WarnerMedia.37

Sources & data notes

Show your work

FilmStruck never reported its own results, so the primary sources here are two AT&T filings, company announcements and trademark records. Everything else is contemporary press, read in full. Where a link goes to an Internet Archive copy, the entry says so.

  1. Turner, “Turner to Launch New Streaming Movie Service: FilmStruck”, press release as posted by the publicity firm Shore Fire Media. The page carries no date; the announcement was reported on Apr 26, 2016.
  2. Emily Steel, “TCM and Criterion to Offer Streaming Service, FilmStruck”, The New York Times, Apr 26, 2016.
  3. The Criterion Collection, “FilmStruck Launches October 19”, The Current, Oct 2016, with a later note on the delay (Internet Archive copy).
  4. Todd Spangler, “Turner to Launch FilmStruck Movie-Streaming Service Oct. 19”, Variety, Oct 6, 2016.
  5. R. Thomas Umstead, “Bringing the Art House Home via OTT”, interview with Jennifer Dorian, Multichannel News, Oct 17, 2016.
  6. R. Thomas Umstead, “Turner Delays Launch of FilmStruck”, Broadcasting & Cable, Oct 18, 2016.
  7. Lizzie Plaugic, “Turner Classic Movies and the Criterion Collection launch streaming service for film nerds”, The Verge, Nov 1, 2016.
  8. Sarah Perez, “Turner’s streaming service for film geeks, FilmStruck, goes live”, TechCrunch, Nov 2, 2016.
  9. Russell Brandom, “The world’s greatest movies are trapped on a terrible website”, The Verge, Jul 7, 2017.
  10. Stewart Clarke, “Turner, Warner Bros. Launching New Movie SVOD Service FilmStruck”, Variety, Jan 19, 2018.
  11. “Streaming: is the future Filmstruck?”, The Guardian, Feb 18, 2018.
  12. Todd Spangler, “FilmStruck Adds Warner Bros. Classic Films, Warner Archive Shuts Down”, Variety, Feb 26, 2018.
  13. The Criterion Collection, “TCM Brings Hollywood Classics to FilmStruck”, The Current, Feb 28, 2018 (Internet Archive copy).
  14. Rhonda Richford, “Time Warner’s Movie Streaming Service FilmStruck to Launch in France and Spain”, The Hollywood Reporter, May 24, 2018.
  15. AT&T Inc., Form 8-K, filed Jun 15, 2018, reporting completion of the acquisition of Time Warner Inc. on Jun 14, 2018.
  16. AT&T Inc., “AT&T Completes Acquisition of Time Warner Inc.”, press release datelined Jun 15, 2018 and marked as updated after first posting (Internet Archive copy).
  17. AT&T Inc., Form 8-K, filed Oct 10, 2018, on plans for a direct-to-consumer streaming service.
  18. Todd Spangler, “DramaFever K-Drama Streaming Service Shuts Down”, Variety, Oct 16, 2018.
  19. Todd Spangler, “FilmStruck Movie-Streaming Service to Shut Down”, Variety, Oct 26, 2018.
  20. The Criterion Collection, “News About FilmStruck”, The Current, Oct 26, 2018 (Internet Archive copy).
  21. Stephan Cho, “‘Keep FilmStruck Alive’ Petition Surpasses 11,000 Signatures”, Paste, Nov 1, 2018.
  22. Michael Hiltzik, “The killing of FilmStruck shows that AT&T’s defense of its Time Warner takeover was a lie”, column, Los Angeles Times, Nov 2, 2018.
  23. Akiva Gottlieb, “Questions of streaming, ownership and why the closing of FilmStruck is a disaster for film buffs”, Los Angeles Times, Nov 3, 2018.
  24. Margeaux Sippell, “Barbra Streisand, Guillermo del Toro Sign Petition to Save FilmStruck”, Variety, Nov 9, 2018.
  25. Kevin Bahr, “Keep FilmStruck Alive”, petition, Change.org, created Oct 26, 2018; read on Oct 8, 2026.
  26. Mike Fleming Jr, “PTA, Cuaron, Streisand, Del Toro, Edgar Wright, Inarritu, DiCaprio, Chazelle, Nolan Among Directors Appealing To Warner Bros To Save FilmStruck”, Deadline, Nov 14, 2018, with the text of the letter.
  27. Chris Evangelista, “Spielberg, Scorsese, Nolan And More Are Trying To Save FilmStruck”, /Film, Nov 15, 2018, with the names on the second letter.
  28. Mike Fleming Jr, “A Version Of FilmStruck Will Have Future Under AT&T And WarnerMedia”, Deadline, Nov 15, 2018.
  29. The Criterion Collection, “New, Independent Criterion Channel to Launch Spring 2019”, The Current, dated Nov 15, 2018 on the page (Internet Archive copy).
  30. Rebecca Keegan, “FilmStruck Campaign to Save Classic Movie Service Gets Small Victory”, The Hollywood Reporter, Nov 16, 2018.
  31. Keith Phipps, “FilmStruck Is Dead. Is There a Future for Services Like It?”, The Ringer, Nov 28, 2018.
  32. Andrew Limbong, “FilmStruck’s Final Days”, Morning Edition, NPR, Nov 30, 2018 (transcript).
  33. Michael Koresky, “The Films of 2018: Outside the Main Stream”, Film Comment, January–February 2019.
  34. Chris Evangelista, “The Criterion Channel Launches In April, Picking Up Where FilmStruck Left Off”, /Film, Jan 30, 2019.
  35. The Criterion Collection, “Got Questions About the Criterion Channel?”, The Current, Apr 3, 2019 (Internet Archive copy).
  36. “Criterion Channel, A Streaming Home For Classic Cinema, Launches With More Than 1,000 Films”, Widescreen Review, Apr 9, 2019. The page has no byline and reads as republished newspaper copy.
  37. WarnerMedia, “HBO Max Launches Today”, press release, May 27, 2020.
  38. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, TSDR status records for FILMSTRUCK, both filed Apr 1, 2016 by Turner Classic Movies, Inc.: serial no. 86961592 (streaming services; cancelled Sep 29, 2023) and serial no. 86961597 (entertainment services; registered). Read on Oct 8, 2026.
  39. filmstruck.com as captured by the Internet Archive on Apr 28, 2016, Nov 4, 2016, Apr 18, 2017 and Dec 7, 2018. Also three checks we made on Oct 8, 2026: filmstruck.com returned a redirect to tcm.com, and criterionchannel.com and mubi.com loaded.
  40. Wikimedia Commons: “FilmStruck logo.png”, public domain as a text logo; “Criterion Collection section at Barnes & Noble.jpg”, photograph by BallofyaRn, Jan 12, 2025, CC0; “Ben Mankiewicz at the 2025 TCM Classic Film Festival.jpg”, photograph by PrinceArchelaus, Apr 24, 2025, CC BY 4.0.
  41. YouTube uploads, with the uploaders’ own titles and dates: CRITERION (introduction, Bill Hader, channel announcement, channel trailer), Turner Classic Movies (free trial, TCM Select), FilmStruck UK and TechCrunch.
Data notes (9)

Data notes

Derived: 758 days is November 1, 2016 to November 29, 2018; 34 days is October 26 to November 29, 2018; 130 days is November 29, 2018 to April 8, 2019; 545 days is November 29, 2018 to May 27, 2020; ten days is October 22 to November 1, 2016; sixteen days is October 10 to October 26, 2018.71517193637 $99 ÷ $10.99 ≈ 9.0 months; $99 ÷ 12 = $8.25; $10.99 × 12 − $99 = $32.88.4 600 ÷ 1,800 ≈ 33% and 1,200 ÷ 1,800 ≈ 67%.12 100,000 ÷ 15,000,000 ≈ 0.7% and 137,000,000 ÷ 100,000 = 1,370.42331 100,000 × $10.99 × 12 = $13.19M, and $13.19M ÷ $31,000M ≈ 0.04%.41623 $38.5B + $42.5B = $81.0B is AT&T’s own sum.15 “21” signers counts Christopher Nolan and Emma Thomas separately, as The Hollywood Reporter’s total does.2630

Estimates: The only subscriber figure is the Los Angeles Times’s “estimated 100,000 subscribers,” published on November 3, 2018 without a stated source; a column in the same paper the day before used the same number.2223 The Ringer repeated it and credited the Times.31 Turner and Warner Bros. declined to give a number in February and October 2018.1219 Treat every calculation on this page that uses 100,000 as an illustration. Turner’s figure of 15 million interested Americans was its own extrapolation from a commissioned survey.4 Petition counts before 2026 are the round numbers reporters gave.21242730

The homepage sparkline: The card’s series (0, 900, 1,100, 1,200, 1,800, 1,800, 0) is the catalog size as reported by four outlets between October 2016 and October 2018, with zero before launch and after closure.571219 The counts are not like for like: 900 was a promise for the base service, 1,100 was described as the complete collection, and 1,200 is Variety’s later round figure for launch.

Conflicts between sources: The size of the launch catalog is “more than 900” films in Multichannel News, “more than 1,100” in The Verge and “around 1,200” in Variety sixteen months later; TechCrunch gives the Criterion Channel alone 1,200 titles.57812 Criterion’s post announcing its independent channel is dated November 15, 2018 on the archived page, while The Hollywood Reporter says the plan was revealed on Friday, November 16; Criterion’s video is dated November 20.293041 AT&T’s filing values the consideration paid for Time Warner at about $81.0B; the Los Angeles Times calls it an $85.4-billion merger.1522 AT&T’s press release is datelined June 15, 2018, the day after the filing says the merger was completed.1516 Variety says FilmStruck “debuted in November 2016”; the trademark record gives first use as November 1, 2016, which matches The Verge.71938 Widescreen Review gives the Criterion Channel’s annual price as $100; Criterion’s own notice says $99.99.3536 Some sources call FilmStruck a venture of TCM and Criterion and others of Turner and Warner Bros. Digital Networks; the first describes 2016 and the second 2018.119 Whether the closure was AT&T’s decision is itself disputed: Variety’s sources said it predated the merger, and the Los Angeles Times columnist doubted that account.1922

Secondary and retrospective: John Stankey’s “hours a day” remark and Coleman Breland’s April 2018 remarks are quoted from a Los Angeles Times opinion column, not from recordings we heard.22 The same column is our source for the judge’s reference to FilmStruck in the merger ruling, which we did not read.22 The Netflix catalog decline is an AllFlicks figure as reported by TechCrunch.8 The account of how the letter was organised comes from one Hollywood Reporter article.30 The time the streams stopped is one subscriber’s recollection.33 Fandor’s layoffs come from the same essay.33

Unknown: Subscribers, revenue, costs and losses for any period. How many people worked on FilmStruck. What Turner paid Criterion or any other licensor. How many subscribers the British, French and Spanish services had. Who took the decision to close and when. Whether a sale of the service was considered. What use of the name supports the surviving trademark registration. The Criterion Channel’s subscriber count.

How we read the sources: The two AT&T filings were read on sec.gov. Variety, Deadline, The Hollywood Reporter, the Los Angeles Times, The Verge, TechCrunch, The Guardian, Multichannel News, Broadcasting & Cable, Paste, /Film, The Ringer, NPR, Film Comment, Widescreen Review, the WarnerMedia press room and Shore Fire Media loaded directly and were read in full as page text. The New York Times article, the AT&T press release and the five Criterion posts did not load directly and were read in Internet Archive copies; the links for the AT&T release and the Criterion posts go to those copies. The petition count, creation date and goal were taken from the data embedded in the Change.org page. The trademark records were read on the USPTO’s status server. Video titles, channels and upload dates were read from YouTube’s own pages; we did not transcribe the videos and quote nothing from them. No page was read only through a text-extraction service.

Images: The wordmark and two photographs are from Wikimedia Commons under the terms stated.40 The four screenshots are of Internet Archive captures of filmstruck.com and include film stills that belong to their owners.39 The accent red was darkened from the red of the 2018 closing page for legibility.

General knowledge: That Netflix, Hulu and Amazon Prime Video were the largest U.S. subscription streaming services in 2016–2018 (also stated in several sources above). That HBO, Turner and Warner Bros. were the three divisions of Time Warner.